DC(1) DC(1)
NAME
dc - an arbitrary precision calculator
SYNOPSIS
dc [-V] [--version] [-h] [--help]
[-e scriptexpression] [--expression=scriptexpression]
[-E scriptexpression] [--initexpr=scriptexpression]
[-f scriptfile] [--file=scriptfile]
[file ...]
DESCRIPTION
Dc is a reverse-polish desk calculator which supports unlimited preci
sion arithmetic. It also allows you to define and call macros. Nor
mally dc reads from the standard input; if any command arguments are
given to it, they are filenames, and dc reads and executes the contents
of the files before reading from standard input. All normal output is
to standard output; all error output is to standard error.
A reverse-polish calculator stores numbers on a stack. Entering a num
ber pushes it on the stack. Arithmetic operations pop arguments off
the stack and push the results.
To enter a number in dc, type the digits with an optional decimal
point. Exponential notation is not supported. To enter a negative
number, begin the number with _. - cannot be used for this, as
it is a binary operator for subtraction instead. To enter two numbers
in succession, separate them with spaces or newlines. These have no
meaning as commands.
OPTIONS
Dc may be invoked with the following command-line options:
-V
--version
Print out the version of dc that is being run and a copyright
notice, then exit.
-h
--help Print a usage message briefly summarizing these command-line
options and the bug-reporting address, then exit.
-e script
--expression=script
Add the commands in script to the set of commands to be run
while processing the input. -E script
--initexpr=script
Add the commands in script to the set of commands to be run
while processing the input, but unlike -e, execute stdin if no
other files specified.
-f script-file
--file=script-file
Add the commands contained in the file script-file to the set of
commands to be run while processing the input.
If any command-line parameters remain after processing the above, these
parameters are interpreted as the names of input files to be processed.
A file name of - refers to the standard input stream. The standard
input will processed if no script files or expressions are specified.
Printing Commands
p Prints the value on the top of the stack, without altering the
stack. A newline is printed after the value.
n Prints the value on the top of the stack, popping it off, and
does not print a newline after.
P Pops off the value on top of the stack. If it it a string, it
is simply printed without a trailing newline. Otherwise it is a
number, and the integer portion of its absolute value is printed
out as a "base (UCHAR_MAX+1)" byte stream. Assuming that
(UCHAR_MAX+1) is 256 (as it is on most machines with 8-bit
bytes), the sequence KSK0k1/_1Ss [ls*]Sxd0>x
[256~Ssd0qaPlxx] dsxxsx0sqLqsxLxLK+k could
also accomplish this function. (Much of the complexity of the
above native-dc code is due to the ~ computing the characters
backwards, and the desire to ensure that all registers wind up
back in their original states.)
f Prints the entire contents of the stack without altering any
thing. This is a good command to use if you are lost or want to
figure out what the effect of some command has been.
Arithmetic
+ Pops two values off the stack, adds them, and pushes the result.
The precision of the result is determined only by the values of
the arguments, and is enough to be exact.
- Pops two values, subtracts the first one popped from the second
one popped, and pushes the result.
* Pops two values, multiplies them, and pushes the result. The
number of fraction digits in the result depends on the current
precision value and the number of fraction digits in the two
arguments.
/ Pops two values, divides the second one popped from the first
one popped, and pushes the result. The number of fraction dig
its is specified by the precision value.
% Pops two values, computes the remainder of the division that the
/ command would do, and pushes that. The value computed is the
same as that computed by the sequence Sd dld/ Ld*- .
~ Pops two values, divides the second one popped from the first
one popped. The quotient is pushed first, and the remainder is
pushed next. The number of fraction digits used in the division
is specified by the precision value. (The sequence SdSn lnld/
LnLd% could also accomplish this function, with slightly differ
ent error checking.)
^ Pops two values and exponentiates, using the first value popped
as the exponent and the second popped as the base. The fraction
part of the exponent is ignored. The precision value specifies
the number of fraction digits in the result.
| Pops three values and computes a modular exponentiation. The
first value popped is used as the reduction modulus; this value
must be a non-zero number, and should be an integer. The second
popped is used as the exponent; this value must be a non-nega
tive number, and any fractional part of this exponent will be
ignored. The third value popped is the base which gets exponen
tiated, which should be an integer. For small integers this is
like the sequence Sm^Lm%, but, unlike ^, this command will work
with arbitrarily large exponents.
v Pops one value, computes its square root, and pushes that. The
precision value specifies the number of fraction digits in the
result.
Most arithmetic operations are affected by the precision value,
which you can set with the k command. The default precision value is
zero, which means that all arithmetic except for addition and subtrac
tion produces integer results.
Stack Control
c Clears the stack, rendering it empty.
d Duplicates the value on the top of the stack, pushing another
copy of it. Thus, 4d*p computes 4 squared and prints it.
r Reverses the order of (swaps) the top two values on the stack.
(This can also be accomplished with the sequence SaSbLaLb.)
Registers
Dc provides at least 256 memory registers, each named by a single char
acter. You can store a number or a string in a register and retrieve
it later.
sr Pop the value off the top of the stack and store it into regis
ter r.
lr Copy the value in register r and push it onto the stack. This
does not alter the contents of r.
Each register also contains its own stack. The current register value
is the top of the registers stack.
Sr Pop the value off the top of the (main) stack and push it onto
the stack of register r. The previous value of the register
becomes inaccessible.
Lr Pop the value off the top of register rs stack and push it onto
the main stack. The previous value in register rs stack, if
any, is now accessible via the lr command.
Parameters
Dc has three parameters that control its operation: the precision, the
input radix, and the output radix. The precision specifies the number
of fraction digits to keep in the result of most arithmetic operations.
The input radix controls the interpretation of numbers typed in; all
numbers typed in use this radix. The output radix is used for printing
numbers.
The input and output radices are separate parameters; you can make them
unequal, which can be useful or confusing. The input radix must be
between 2 and 16 inclusive. The output radix must be at least 2. The
precision must be zero or greater. The precision is always measured in
decimal digits, regardless of the current input or output radix.
i Pops the value off the top of the stack and uses it to set the
input radix.
o Pops the value off the top of the stack and uses it to set the
output radix.
k Pops the value off the top of the stack and uses it to set the
precision.
I Pushes the current input radix on the stack.
O Pushes the current output radix on the stack.
K Pushes the current precision on the stack.
Strings
Dc has a limited ability to operate on strings as well as on numbers;
the only things you can do with strings are print them and execute them
as macros (which means that the contents of the string are processed as
dc commands). All registers and the stack can hold strings, and dc
always knows whether any given object is a string or a number. Some
commands such as arithmetic operations demand numbers as arguments and
print errors if given strings. Other commands can accept either a num
ber or a string; for example, the p command can accept either and
prints the object according to its type.
[characters]
Makes a string containing characters (contained between balanced
[ and ] characters), and pushes it on the stack. For example,
[foo]P prints the characters foo (with no newline).
a The top-of-stack is popped. If it was a number, then the low-
order byte of this number is converted into a string and pushed
onto the stack. Otherwise the top-of-stack was a string, and
the first character of that string is pushed back.
x Pops a value off the stack and executes it as a macro. Normally
it should be a string; if it is a number, it is simply pushed
back onto the stack. For example, [1p]x executes the macro 1p
which pushes 1 on the stack and prints 1 on a separate line.
Macros are most often stored in registers; [1p]sa stores a macro to
print 1 into register a, and lax invokes this macro.
>r Pops two values off the stack and compares them assuming they
are numbers, executing the contents of register r as a macro if
the original top-of-stack is greater. Thus, 1 2>a will invoke
register as contents and 2 1>a will not.
!>r Similar but invokes the macro if the original top-of-stack is
not greater than (less than or equal to) what was the second-to-
top.
commands take precedence, so if
you want to run a command starting with <, =, or > you will need
to add a space after the !.
# Will interpret the rest of the line as a comment.
:r Will pop the top two values off of the stack. The old second-
to-top value will be stored in the array r, indexed by the old
top-of-stack value.
;r Pops the top-of-stack and uses it as an index into the array r.
The selected value is then pushed onto the stack.
Note that each stacked instance of a register has its own array associ
ated with it. Thus 1 0:a 0Sa 2 0:a La 0;ap will print 1, because the 2
was stored in an instance of 0:a that was later popped.
FILES
~/.dcrc The commands in this file will be executed when dc is
first run.
BUGS
Email bug reports to bug-dc@gnu.org.
GNU Project 2001-05-13 DC(1)
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