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IP(7)			   Linux Programmers Manual			IP(7)



NAME
       ip - Linux IPv4 protocol implementation

SYNOPSIS
       #include 
       #include 
       #include  /* superset of previous */

       tcp_socket = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
       udp_socket = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
       raw_socket = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, protocol);

DESCRIPTION
       Linux implements the Internet Protocol, version 4, described in RFC 791
       and RFC 1122.  ip contains a level 2 multicasting  implementation  con
       forming	to RFC 1112.  It also contains an IP router including a packet
       filter.

       The programming interface is BSD sockets compatible.  For more informa
       tion on sockets, see socket(7).

       An   IP	socket	is  created  by  calling  the  socket(2)  function  as
       socket(PF_INET,	socket_type,  protocol).   Valid  socket   types   are
       SOCK_STREAM  to	open  a  tcp(7)  socket,  SOCK_DGRAM  to open a udp(7)
       socket, or SOCK_RAW to open a raw(7) socket to access the  IP  protocol
       directly.   protocol is the IP protocol in the IP header to be received
       or sent.  The only valid values for protocol are 0 and IPPROTO_TCP  for
       TCP  sockets  and  0 and IPPROTO_UDP for UDP sockets.  For SOCK_RAW you
       may specify a valid IANA IP protocol defined in RFC 1700 assigned  num
       bers.

       When a process wants to receive new incoming packets or connections, it
       should bind a socket to a local interface address using bind(2).   Only
       one  IP	socket	may  be bound to any given local (address, port) pair.
       When INADDR_ANY is specified in the bind call the socket will be  bound
       to all local interfaces.  When listen(2) or connect(2) are called on an
       unbound socket, it is automatically bound to a random  free  port  with
       the local address set to INADDR_ANY.

       A  TCP local socket address that has been bound is unavailable for some
       time after closing, unless the SO_REUSEADDR flag has  been  set.   Care
       should be taken when using this flag as it makes TCP less reliable.

   Address Format
       An  IP  socket  address	is defined as a combination of an IP interface
       address and a 16-bit port number.  The basic IP protocol does not  sup
       ply  port  numbers, they are implemented by higher level protocols like
       udp(7) and tcp(7).  On raw sockets sin_port is set to the IP  protocol.

	   struct sockaddr_in {
	       sa_family_t    sin_family; /* address family: AF_INET */
	       uint16_t       sin_port;   /* port in network byte order */
	       struct in_addr sin_addr;   /* internet address */
	   };

	   /* Internet address. */
	   struct in_addr {
	       uint32_t       s_addr;	  /* address in network byte order */
	   };

       sin_family  is  always  set to AF_INET.	This is required; in Linux 2.2
       most networking functions return EINVAL when this setting  is  missing.
       sin_port  contains  the	port  in network byte order.  The port numbers
       below 1024 are called reserved ports.  Only privileged processes (i.e.,
       those  having the CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE capability) may bind(2) to these
       sockets.  Note that the raw IPv4 protocol as such has no concept  of  a
       port,  they  are  only  implemented by higher protocols like tcp(7) and
       udp(7).

       sin_addr is the IP host address.  The s_addr member of  struct  in_addr
       contains  the  host  interface  address in network byte order.  in_addr
       should be assigned one of the INADDR_* values (e.g., INADDR_ANY) or set
       using  the  inet_aton(3),  inet_addr(3), inet_makeaddr(3) library func
       tions or directly with the name resolver (see gethostbyname(3)).   IPv4
       addresses  are divided into unicast, broadcast and multicast addresses.
       Unicast addresses specify a  single  interface  of  a  host,  broadcast
       addresses  specify  all	hosts  on  a  network  and multicast addresses
       address all  hosts  in  a  multicast  group.   Datagrams  to  broadcast
       addresses  can  be  only  sent or received when the SO_BROADCAST socket
       flag is set.  In the current implementation connection oriented sockets
       are only allowed to use unicast addresses.

       Note  that  the	address and the port are always stored in network byte
       order.  In particular, this means that you need to call htons(3) on the
       number that is assigned to a port.  All address/port manipulation func
       tions in the standard library work in network byte order.

       There are several special addresses: INADDR_LOOPBACK (127.0.0.1) always
       refers  to the local host via the loopback device; INADDR_ANY (0.0.0.0)
       means any address for binding; INADDR_BROADCAST (255.255.255.255) means
       any  host  and has the same effect on bind as INADDR_ANY for historical
       reasons.

   Socket Options
       IP supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set  with
       setsockopt(2) and read with getsockopt(2).  The socket option level for
       IP is IPPROTO_IP.  A boolean integer flag is zero  when	it  is	false,
       otherwise true.

       IP_OPTIONS
	      Sets  or	get  the  IP options to be sent with every packet from
	      this socket.  The arguments are a pointer  to  a	memory	buffer
	      containing the options and the option length.  The setsockopt(2)
	      call sets the IP options associated with a socket.  The  maximum
	      option  size  for IPv4 is 40 bytes.  See RFC 791 for the allowed
	      options.	When the  initial  connection  request	packet	for  a
	      SOCK_STREAM  socket  contains IP options, the IP options will be
	      set automatically to the options from the  initial  packet  with
	      routing  headers	reversed.  Incoming packets are not allowed to
	      change options after the connection is  established.   The  pro
	      cessing  of  all	incoming source routing options is disabled by
	      default and can be  enabled  by  using  the  accept_source_route
	      sysctl.	Other  options like timestamps are still handled.  For
	      datagram sockets, IP options can be only set by the local  user.
	      Calling  getsockopt(2)  with  IP_OPTIONS	puts  the  current  IP
	      options used for sending into the supplied buffer.

       IP_PKTINFO
	      Pass an IP_PKTINFO ancillary message  that  contains  a  pktinfo
	      structure  that  supplies  some  information  about the incoming
	      packet.  This only works for  datagram  oriented	sockets.   The
	      argument	is a flag that tells the socket whether the IP_PKTINFO
	      message should be passed or not.	The message itself can only be
	      sent/retrieved as control message with a packet using recvmsg(2)
	      or sendmsg(2).

		  struct in_pktinfo {
		      unsigned int   ipi_ifindex;  /* Interface index */
		      struct in_addr ipi_spec_dst; /* Local address */
		      struct in_addr ipi_addr;	   /* Header Destination
						      address */
		  };

	      ipi_ifindex is the unique index of the interface the packet  was
	      received	on.   ipi_spec_dst  is the local address of the packet
	      and ipi_addr is the destination address in  the  packet  header.
	      If  IP_PKTINFO  is  passed to sendmsg(2) and ipi_spec_dst is not
	      zero, then it is used as the local source address for the  rout
	      ing  table  lookup  and  for setting up IP source route options.
	      When ipi_ifindex is not zero the primary local  address  of  the
	      interface specified by the index overwrites ipi_spec_dst for the
	      routing table lookup.

       IP_RECVTOS
	      If enabled the IP_TOS ancillary message is passed with  incoming
	      packets.	 It  contains  a byte which specifies the Type of Ser
	      vice/Precedence field of the packet header.  Expects  a  boolean
	      integer flag.

       IP_RECVTTL
	      When  this  flag	is  set pass a IP_TTL control message with the
	      time to live field of the received packet as a byte.   Not  sup
	      ported for SOCK_STREAM sockets.

       IP_RECVOPTS
	      Pass all incoming IP options to the user in a IP_OPTIONS control
	      message.	The routing  header  and  other  options  are  already
	      filled  in  for  the  local host.  Not supported for SOCK_STREAM
	      sockets.

       IP_RETOPTS
	      Identical to IP_RECVOPTS but  returns  raw  unprocessed  options
	      with  timestamp  and route record options not filled in for this
	      hop.

       IP_TOS Set or receive the Type-Of-Service (TOS) field that is sent with
	      every  IP  packet  originating  from this socket.  It is used to
	      prioritize packets on the network.  TOS is a  byte.   There  are
	      some  standard  TOS  flags  defined:  IPTOS_LOWDELAY to minimize
	      delays for interactive  traffic,	IPTOS_THROUGHPUT  to  optimize
	      throughput,   IPTOS_RELIABILITY  to  optimize  for  reliability,
	      IPTOS_MINCOST should be used for "filler data" where slow trans
	      mission  doesnt matter.  At most one of these TOS values can be
	      specified.  Other bits are invalid and shall be cleared.	 Linux
	      sends  IPTOS_LOWDELAY  datagrams first by default, but the exact
	      behavior depends on the configured  queueing  discipline.   Some
	      high  priority  levels  may  require  superuser  privileges (the
	      CAP_NET_ADMIN capability).  The priority can also be  set  in  a
	      protocol independent way by the (SOL_SOCKET, SO_PRIORITY) socket
	      option (see socket(7)).

       IP_TTL Set or retrieve the current time to live field that is  used  in
	      every packet sent from this socket.

       IP_HDRINCL
	      If  enabled  the user supplies an IP header in front of the user
	      data.  Only valid for SOCK_RAW sockets.	See  raw(7)  for  more
	      information.   When  this  flag  is  enabled  the  values set by
	      IP_OPTIONS, IP_TTL and IP_TOS are ignored.

       IP_RECVERR (defined in )
	      Enable extended reliable error message passing.  When enabled on
	      a  datagram socket all generated errors will be queued in a per-
	      socket error queue.  When the user  receives  an	error  from  a
	      socket   operation   the	errors	can  be  received  by  calling
	      recvmsg(2)   with    the	  MSG_ERRQUEUE	  flag	  set.	   The
	      sock_extended_err  structure describing the error will be passed
	      in an ancillary message with the type IP_RECVERR and  the  level
	      IPPROTO_IP.   This  is  useful  for  reliable  error handling on
	      unconnected sockets.  The received data  portion	of  the  error
	      queue contains the error packet.

	      The  IP_RECVERR  control	message  contains  a sock_extended_err
	      structure:

		  #define SO_EE_ORIGIN_NONE    0
		  #define SO_EE_ORIGIN_LOCAL   1
		  #define SO_EE_ORIGIN_ICMP    2
		  #define SO_EE_ORIGIN_ICMP6   3

		  struct sock_extended_err {
		      uint32_t ee_errno;   /* error number */
		      uint8_t  ee_origin;  /* where the error originated */
		      uint8_t  ee_type;    /* type */
		      uint8_t  ee_code;    /* code */
		      uint8_t  ee_pad;
		      uint32_t ee_info;    /* additional information */
		      uint32_t ee_data;    /* other data */
		      /* More data may follow */
		  };

		  struct sockaddr *SO_EE_OFFENDER(struct sock_extended_err *);

	      ee_errno contains the errno number of the queued error.  ee_ori
	      gin is the origin code of where the error originated.  The other
	      fields are protocol-specific.  The macro SO_EE_OFFENDER  returns
	      a  pointer  to the address of the network object where the error
	      originated from given a pointer to the  ancillary  message.   If
	      this  address is not known, the sa_family member of the sockaddr
	      contains AF_UNSPEC and the other	fields	of  the  sockaddr  are
	      undefined.

	      IP uses the sock_extended_err structure as follows: ee_origin is
	      set to SO_EE_ORIGIN_ICMP for errors received as an ICMP  packet,
	      or  SO_EE_ORIGIN_LOCAL  for  locally  generated errors.  Unknown
	      values should be ignored.  ee_type and ee_code are set from  the
	      type  and  code fields of the ICMP header.  ee_info contains the
	      discovered MTU for EMSGSIZE errors.  The message	also  contains
	      the  sockaddr_in	of  the  node  caused  the error, which can be
	      accessed with the SO_EE_OFFENDER macro.  The sin_family field of
	      the  SO_EE_OFFENDER  address  is	AF_UNSPEC  when the source was
	      unknown.	When the error originated from	the  network,  all  IP
	      options  (IP_OPTIONS,  IP_TTL,  etc.)  enabled on the socket and
	      contained in the error packet are passed	as  control  messages.
	      The  payload of the packet causing the error is returned as nor
	      mal payload.  Note that TCP has no error queue; MSG_ERRQUEUE  is
	      not  permitted  on SOCK_STREAM sockets.  IP_RECVERR is valid for
	      TCP, but all errors are returned by socket  function  return  or
	      SO_ERROR only.

	      For raw sockets, IP_RECVERR enables passing of all received ICMP
	      errors to the application, otherwise errors are only reported on
	      connected sockets

	      It  sets	or  retrieves  an  integer  boolean  flag.  IP_RECVERR
	      defaults to off.

       IP_MTU_DISCOVER
	      Sets or receives the Path MTU Discovery setting  for  a  socket.
	      When  enabled,  Linux will perform Path MTU Discovery as defined
	      in RFC 1191 on this socket.  The dont fragment flag is  set  on
	      all  outgoing  datagrams.  The system-wide default is controlled
	      by the ip_no_pmtu_disc sysctl for SOCK_STREAM sockets, and  dis
	      abled  on  all  others.	For  non-SOCK_STREAM sockets it is the
	      users responsibility to packetize the data in MTU sized  chunks
	      and  to do the retransmits if necessary.	The kernel will reject
	      packets that are bigger than the known path MTU if this flag  is
	      set (with EMSGSIZE ).

	      Path MTU discovery flags	 Meaning
	      IP_PMTUDISC_WANT		 Use per-route settings.
	      IP_PMTUDISC_DONT		 Never do Path MTU Discovery.
	      IP_PMTUDISC_DO		 Always do Path MTU Discovery.
	      IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE 	 Set DF but ignore Path MTU.

	      When  PMTU  discovery  is enabled the kernel automatically keeps
	      track of the path MTU per destination host.   When  it  is  con
	      nected  to  a  specific peer with connect(2) the currently known
	      path MTU can be retrieved conveniently using the	IP_MTU	socket
	      option  (e.g.,  after a EMSGSIZE error occurred).  It may change
	      over time.  For connectionless sockets  with  many  destinations
	      the  new	also  MTU for a given destination can also be accessed
	      using the error queue (see IP_RECVERR).  A  new  error  will  be
	      queued for every incoming MTU update.

	      While MTU discovery is in progress initial packets from datagram
	      sockets may be dropped.  Applications using UDP should be  aware
	      of this and not take it into account for their packet retransmit
	      strategy.

	      To bootstrap the path MTU discovery process on unconnected sock
	      ets it is possible to start with a big datagram size (up to 64K-
	      headers bytes long) and let it shrink by	updates  of  the  path
	      MTU.

	      To  get  an  initial estimate of the path MTU connect a datagram
	      socket to the destination address using connect(2) and  retrieve
	      the MTU by calling getsockopt(2) with the IP_MTU option.

	      It is possible to implement RFC 4821 MTU probing with SOCK_DGRAM
	      or SOCK_RAW sockets by setting  a  value	of  IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE.
	      This  is	also  particularly useful for diagnostic tools such as
	      tracepath(8) that wish to deliberately send probe packets larger
	      than the observed Path MTU.

       IP_MTU Retrieve the current known path MTU of the current socket.  Only
	      valid when the socket has been connected.  Returns  an  integer.
	      Only valid as a getsockopt(2).

       IP_ROUTER_ALERT
	      Pass all to-be forwarded packets with the IP Router Alert option
	      set to this socket.  Only valid for raw sockets.	This  is  use
	      ful,  for  instance,  for  user  space RSVP daemons.  The tapped
	      packets are not forwarded by the kernel, it is the users respon
	      sibility	to  send  them	out again.  Socket binding is ignored,
	      such packets are only filtered by protocol.  Expects an  integer
	      flag.

       IP_MULTICAST_TTL
	      Set  or reads the time-to-live value of outgoing multicast pack
	      ets for this socket.  It is very important for multicast packets
	      to  set the smallest TTL possible.  The default is 1 which means
	      that multicast packets dont leave the local network unless  the
	      user program explicitly requests it.  Argument is an integer.

       IP_MULTICAST_LOOP
	      Sets  or reads a boolean integer argument whether sent multicast
	      packets should be looped back to the local sockets.

       IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
	      Join a multicast group.  Argument is an ip_mreqn structure.

		  struct ip_mreqn {
		      struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast group
						       address */
		      struct in_addr imr_address;   /* IP address of local
						       interface */
		      int	     imr_ifindex;   /* interface index */
		  };

	      imr_multiaddr contains the address of the  multicast  group  the
	      application  wants  to join or leave.  It must be a valid multi
	      cast address.  imr_address is the address of the local interface
	      with  which the system should join the multicast group; if it is
	      equal to INADDR_ANY an appropriate interface is  chosen  by  the
	      system.	imr_ifindex  is  the  interface index of the interface
	      that should join/leave the imr_multiaddr group, or 0 to indicate
	      any interface.

	      For compatibility, the old ip_mreq structure is still supported.
	      It differs from ip_mreqn only by not including  the  imr_ifindex
	      field.  Only valid as a setsockopt(2).

       IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP
	      Leave  a	multicast  group.   Argument is an ip_mreqn or ip_mreq
	      structure similar to IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.

       IP_MULTICAST_IF
	      Set the local device for a multicast  socket.   Argument	is  an
	      ip_mreqn or ip_mreq structure similar to IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.

	      When   an  invalid  socket  option  is  passed,  ENOPROTOOPT  is
	      returned.

   Sysctls
       The IP protocol supports the sysctl interface to configure some	global
       options.   The  sysctls	can  be  accessed  by  reading	or writing the
       /proc/sys/net/ipv4/* files or using the sysctl(2) interface.  Variables
       described  as  Boolean  take  an  integer  value, with a non-zero value
       ("true") meaning that the corresponding option is enabled, and  a  zero
       value ("false") meaning that the option is disabled.

       ip_always_defrag (Boolean)
	      [New with kernel 2.2.13; in earlier kernel versions this feature
	      was controlled at compile time  by  the  CONFIG_IP_ALWAYS_DEFRAG
	      option; this option is not present in 2.4.x and later]

	      When  this  boolean frag is enabled (not equal 0) incoming frag
	      ments (parts of IP packets that arose  when  some  host  between
	      origin  and  destination decided that the packets were too large
	      and cut them into pieces)  will  be  reassembled	(defragmented)
	      before  being processed, even if they are about to be forwarded.

	      Only enable if running either a firewall that is the  sole  link
	      to  your network or a transparent proxy; never ever use it for a
	      normal router or host.  Otherwise fragmented  communication  can
	      be  disturbed  if  the  fragments  travel  over different links.
	      Defragmentation also has a large memory and CPU time cost.

	      This is automagically turned on when masquerading or transparent
	      proxying are configured.

       ip_autoconfig
	      Not documented.

       ip_default_ttl (integer; default: 64)
	      Set  the	default  time-to-live value of outgoing packets.  This
	      can be changed per socket with the IP_TTL option.

       ip_dynaddr (Boolean; default: disabled)
	      Enable dynamic socket address and masquerading  entry  rewriting
	      on  interface  address change.  This is useful for dialup inter
	      face with changing IP addresses.	0 means no rewriting, 1  turns
	      it on and 2 enables verbose mode.

       ip_forward (Boolean; default: disabled)
	      Enable  IP forwarding with a boolean flag.  IP forwarding can be
	      also set on a per interface basis.

       ip_local_port_range
	      Contains two integers that define the default local  port  range
	      allocated  to  sockets.  Allocation starts with the first number
	      and ends with the second number.	Note  that  these  should  not
	      conflict	with the ports used by masquerading (although the case
	      is handled).  Also arbitrary choices  may  cause	problems  with
	      some  firewall  packet  filters  that make assumptions about the
	      local ports in use.  First number should be at least >1024, bet
	      ter >4096 to avoid clashes with well known ports and to minimize
	      firewall problems.

       ip_no_pmtu_disc (Boolean; default: disabled)
	      If enabled, dont do Path	MTU  Discovery	for  TCP  sockets  by
	      default.	Path MTU discovery may fail if misconfigured firewalls
	      (that drop all ICMP packets) or misconfigured interfaces	(e.g.,
	      a  point-to-point  link  where  the both ends dont agree on the
	      MTU) are on the path.  It is better to fix the broken routers on
	      the  path  than to turn off Path MTU Discovery globally, because
	      not doing it incurs a high cost to the network.

       ip_nonlocal_bind (Boolean; default: disabled)
	      If set, allows processes to bind(2) to non-local	IP  addresses,
	      which can be quite useful, but may break some applications.

       ip6frag_time (integer; default 30)
	      Time in seconds to keep an IPv6 fragment in memory.

       ip6frag_secret_interval (integer; default 600)
	      Regeneration  interval (in seconds) of the hash secret (or life
	      time for the hash secret) for IPv6 fragments.

       ipfrag_high_thresh (integer), ipfrag_low_thresh (integer)
	      If the amount of queued IP fragments reaches ipfrag_high_thresh,
	      the  queue  is  pruned  down  to ipfrag_low_thresh.  Contains an
	      integer with the number of bytes.

       neigh/*
	      See arp(7).

   Ioctls
       All ioctls described in socket(7) apply to ip.

       Ioctls to configure generic device parameters are described  in	netde
       vice(7).

ERRORS
       EACCES The  user  tried	to  execute an operation without the necessary
	      permissions.  These include: sending a  packet  to  a  broadcast
	      address  without	having	the  SO_BROADCAST  flag set; sending a
	      packet via a prohibit route; modifying firewall settings without
	      superuser  privileges (the CAP_NET_ADMIN capability); binding to
	      a   reserved   port   without    superuser    privileges	  (the
	      CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE capability).

       EADDRINUSE
	      Tried to bind to an address already in use.

       EADDRNOTAVAIL
	      A  nonexistent  interface  was requested or the requested source
	      address was not local.

       EAGAIN Operation on a non-blocking socket would block.

       EALREADY
	      An connection operation on a non-blocking socket is  already  in
	      progress.

       ECONNABORTED
	      A connection was closed during an accept(2).

       EHOSTUNREACH
	      No  valid  routing  table entry matches the destination address.
	      This error can be caused by a ICMP message from a remote	router
	      or for the local routing table.

       EINVAL Invalid argument passed.	For send operations this can be caused
	      by sending to a blackhole route.

       EISCONN
	      connect(2) was called on an already connected socket.

       EMSGSIZE
	      Datagram is bigger than an MTU on the  path  and	it  cannot  be
	      fragmented.

       ENOBUFS, ENOMEM
	      Not  enough free memory.	This often means that the memory allo
	      cation is limited by the socket buffer limits, not by the system
	      memory, but this is not 100% consistent.

       ENOENT SIOCGSTAMP was called on a socket where no packet arrived.

       ENOPKG A kernel subsystem was not configured.

       ENOPROTOOPT and EOPNOTSUPP
	      Invalid socket option passed.

       ENOTCONN
	      The  operation  is  only	defined on a connected socket, but the
	      socket wasnt connected.

       EPERM  User doesnt have permission to set high priority,  change  con
	      figuration, or send signals to the requested process or group.

       EPIPE  The connection was unexpectedly closed or shut down by the other
	      end.

       ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
	      The socket is not configured  or	an  unknown  socket  type  was
	      requested.

       Other  errors may be generated by the overlaying protocols; see tcp(7),
       raw(7), udp(7) and socket(7).

VERSIONS
       IP_MTU, IP_MTU_DISCOVER, IP_PKTINFO, IP_RECVERR and IP_ROUTER_ALERT are
       new  options in Linux 2.2.  They are also all Linux-specific and should
       not be used in programs intended to be portable.

       IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE is new in Linux 2.6.22.

       struct ip_mreqn is new in Linux 2.2.  Linux 2.0 only supported ip_mreq.

       The sysctls were introduced with Linux 2.2.

NOTES
       Be  very careful with the SO_BROADCAST option - it is not privileged in
       Linux.  It is easy to overload the network  with  careless  broadcasts.
       For  new  application  protocols  it is better to use a multicast group
       instead of broadcasting.  Broadcasting is discouraged.

       Some  other  BSD  sockets  implementations  provide  IP_RCVDSTADDR  and
       IP_RECVIF  socket options to get the destination address and the inter
       face of received datagrams.  Linux has the more general IP_PKTINFO  for
       the same task.

       Some BSD sockets implementations also provide an IP_RECVTTL option, but
       an ancillary message with type IP_RECVTTL is passed with  the  incoming
       packet.	This is different from the IP_TTL option used in Linux.

       Using  SOL_IP socket options level isnt portable, BSD-based stacks use
       IPPROTO_IP level.

   Compatibility
       For  compatibility  with  Linux	2.0,  the   obsolete   socket(PF_INET,
       SOCK_PACKET,  protocol)	syntax	is still supported to open a packet(7)
       socket.	This is deprecated and should be replaced by socket(PF_PACKET,
       SOCK_RAW,  protocol)  instead.	The  main  difference is the new sock
       addr_ll address structure for generic link layer information instead of
       the old sockaddr_pkt.

BUGS
       There are too many inconsistent error values.

       The  ioctls  to	configure IP-specific interface options and ARP tables
       are not described.

       Some versions of glibc forget to declare in_pktinfo.   Workaround  cur
       rently is to copy it into your program from this man page.

       Receiving   the	original  destination  address	with  MSG_ERRQUEUE  in
       msg_name by recvmsg(2) does not work in some 2.2 kernels.

SEE ALSO
       recvmsg(2),   sendmsg(2),   byteorder(3),   ipfw(4),   capabilities(7),
       netlink(7), raw(7), socket(7), tcp(7), udp(7)

       RFC 791 for the original IP specification.
       RFC 1122 for the IPv4 host requirements.
       RFC 1812 for the IPv4 router requirements.

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.05 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.



Linux				  2001-06-19				 IP(7)




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